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Sistem za elektronsku kontrolu stabilnosti vozila
Sistem za elektronsku kontrolu stabilnosti vozila je ESP ili ESC (Electronic Stability Program ili Electronic Stability Control) . Njegov osnovni princip rada je vrlo jednostavan. Kočenjem određenog točka utiče se na kretanje i zanošenje automobila u krivini ili pri nagloj promeni pravca.
Suština sistema je u tome da kada senzori registruju gubitak stabilnosti na vozilu, sistem reaguje tako što će aktivirati kočnicu na određenom točku ili više njih pa tako izmeniti putanju vozila.
Šta čini ESP sistem?
Osnovu ESP sistema čine 3 senzora: senzor brzine na svakom točku, senzor položaja volana i senzor rotacije vozila oko svoje vertikalne osi. Na osnovu signala ovih senzora, centralna jedinica određuje način i intenzitet intervencije sistema.
Senzor na volanu javlja centralnoj jedinici kuda vozač pokušava usmeriti auto. Senzor rotacije vozila šalje signal pod kojim je uglom okrenut automobil u odnosu na svoju vertikalnu osu.
Ako se dok skrećete ulevo javi zanošenje zadnjeg kraja, ESP će aktivirati kočnicu na prednjem desnom točku, kako bi pokušao ispraviti kretanje automobila.
Ako u istoj (levoj) krivini dođe do proklizavanja ili uđete prebrzo u krivinu, motate volan, ali auto se nastavi kretati u istom smeru i proširuje željenu putanju, aktivira će se kočnica na unutrašnjem zadnjem točku.
Ponekad se, u zavisnosti od situacije smanjuje broj okretaja motora kako bi se vozilo smirilo i kako bi pogonski točkovi povratili snagu. ABS sistem upravlja procesom kočenja.
ESP predstavlja integrisanu celinu s ABS sistemom i sistemom za kontrolu vuče, koja sprečava proklizavanje pogonskih točkova (Traction Control System – TCS ili Acceleration Slip Regulation – ASR).
Čitav proces znatno je komplikovaniji i odvija se munjevitom brzinom, često pre nego što vozač uopšte primeti da je bio na granici da izgubi kontrolu nad automobilom. ESP jedinica dobija različite ulazne parametre, i reagovanje sistema se odvija u delu sekunde u zavisnosti od promene ponašanja vozila.
ESP tokom vožnje konstantno prati situaciju, mereći brzinu okretanja svakog točka, prateći željeni smer kretanja na osnovu toga koliko je volan okrenut, zakretanje vozila oko njegove vertikalne ose, poprečno i uzdužno ubrzanje, a kod nekih sistema postoji i senzor za prepoznavanje opasnosti od prevrtanja.
Upravljačka jedinica ESP sistema čak 25 puta u sekundi uspoređuje željenu putanju definisanu zakretanjem upravljača s realnom putanjom (određuje se na osnovu lateralnog ubrzanja, obrtanja oko vertikalne ose i brzine okretanja pojedinih točkova) i u slučaju odstupanja u delu sekunde reaguje ciljanim kočenjem pojedinih točkova. ESP praktično „procenjuje“ silinu i pravac zanošenja vozila i u skladu s tim deluje, kako bi izazvao silu koja će se suprotstaviti sili inercije postojećeg okretanja oko vertikalne ose, tj. zanošenja.
Istraživanja su pokazala da ESP može smanjiti broj prometnih nesreća uzrokovanih gubitkom kontrole nad vozilom i do 80%.
Deaktiviranje ESP
Kod nekih automobila ESP se može u potpunosti deaktivirati i omogućiti više sportski osećaj prolaska kroz zavoje i veće zanošenje karoserije, dok kod drugih modela automobila čak i kada mislite da ste ga deaktivirali, on i dalje ostaje aktivan, ali će iz pozadine pratiti događanja i ukoliko proceni da je situacija postala suviše opasna, munjevito će reagovati. Sve zavisi od proizvođača vozila i konkretnog modela. Kod većine modela koji nisu namenjeni nekoj bržoj vožnji ovakva opcija je izostala.
Postoji više verzija sistema za elektronsku kontrolu stabilnosti, pri čemu se obavlja posebno prilagođavanje svakom modelu automobila. Može se podesiti tako da deluje pre nego što vozač primeti da je napravio grešku ili da odreaguje malo kasnije kako ne bi suviše kvario uživanje u vožnji kod sportskih automobila.
Deaktivacija je korisna, na primer, za vreme vožnje s lancima za sneg ili prilikom izvlačenja iz dubokog snega ili peska.
Serijska primena je počela 1995. godine, kada je ESP dobio Mercedes S klase. Iste su ga godine BMW i Volvo počeli ugrađivati u svoje automobile. Danas predstavlja deo standardne opreme kod mnogih modela.
Određeni proizvođači automobila koriste različite nazive i akronime za ESP, a to može biti DSC (Dynamic Stability Control) kod BMW i Mini modela, VDC (Vehicle Dynamic Control) kod Alfa Romeo modela, VSA (Vehicle Stability Assist) kod Hondinih modela, ali svima je princip rada isti.
Elektronska kontrola stabilnosti je od 2012. obavezan deo opreme svih novih modela automobila koji se prodaju na tržištu EU.
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